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“Data-driven work and the integration of AI are becoming increasingly central to policing,” says Marc Schuilenburg, Professor of Digital Surveillance at Erasmus School of Law and chair of the working group behind the report. “We’re seeing algorithms not just assisting police work, but making decisions. For example, police are using automated analyses of massive data sets, and AI tools can independently navigate through large databases. This doesn’t just change police work — it affects the entire police organization, from legal frameworks and AI literacy to political issues like digital sovereignty.”

Innovation without oversight

Within the police organization, there’s already a lot happening in the field of data and AI. While innovation is valuable, the researchers in Navigating No-Man’s Land warn of the risks of technological development without oversight, clear boundaries, or appropriate legislation. The title of the report reflects the position many officers now find themselves in: a no-man’s land with no clear rules or protections. The use of data and AI must serve public values like safety and efficiency, but also requires democratic safeguards and anchoring within the rule of law.

Recognition and action on AI dilemmas

Police Chief Janny Knol responded positively to the report: “These challenges are well recognized and clearly show what is needed to respond effectively — and with legitimacy — to digitalisation and AI in police work.”

Schuilenburg: “I’m very pleased with Chief Knol’s response to the report. Her reaction shows that properly addressing the report’s seven main topics is essential for the police. More importantly, the police also endorse our recommendations and are taking them forward. If you want to make an impact as a researcher in this complex field of algorithms and AI, you really couldn’t ask for more — for now.”

The seven risks and recommendations

See the factsheet below for a summary of the key findings.